The LTC6400 has a very wide bandwidth (approaching 2GHz), but the vast majority of applications will not require frequencies beyond a few hundred Megahertz. As the input signal continues to increase beyond full-scale, the ADC should as an ideal limiter, and the IMD products become very large. Third-order IMD products can mask out small signals in the presence of larger ones. Walt Kester, in Op Amp Applications Handbook, 2005. This is the point where the output signal is compressed 1 dB from an ideal input/output transfer function. For low level input signals, the IMD products remain relatively constant regardless of signal level. The value of the IMD product is expressed in dBc relative to the value of either of the two original tones, and not to their sum. The theoretical approach showed that no relationship or equation for calculating the power levels of the particular IM products can be given because the transmission characteristics of galvanic contacts are never … The subse-quent terms represent the distortion of the amplifier. COMPOSITE SECOND ORDER INTERMODULATION DISTORTION Composite Second Order distortion (CSO) is a result of one or two carriers experiencing a second order non-linearity. The second-order intermodulation products have frequencies ranging from (⍵1 - ⍵2) to (⍵1 + ⍵2). The slope of the third intermodulation product is three times that of the output signals. The power term p in the above expression illustrates that Ei is multiplied by a version of itself and, we know from Chapter 2, that when two sine-waves are multiplied together it results in sum and difference frequencies. Ben Duncan A.M.I.O.A., A.M.A.E.S., M.C.C.S, in High Performance Audio Power Amplifiers, 1996. Second-order and third-order intermodulation products are defined as follows. Notice that as shown in the figure, the slope of the second-order intermodulation product is two times the slope of the desired signal output. Unlike traditional “open-loop” RF/IF amplifiers, where there is very little or no feedback used in the amplifier circuit, the LTC6400 contains an internal differential op amp with the gain set using a feedback network. Two-tone IMD is measured by applying two spectrally pure sinewaves to the ADC at frequencies f1 and f2, usually relatively close together. If a number of signals are passed through a non-linear device the result will be intermodulation products that are spurious frequency components. ACPR measurement template for modulated signals. Degree in electrical engineering in 1987 from Fachhochschule Augsburg. Therefore, the intermodulation products should be −64 dBc (dB below carrier frequency), or at a level of −60 dBm. A parameter of interest here is the 1 dB compression point. Second and superior order transfer functions determine the non-linearity of the laser device. Now the crucial concept here is multiplication. The analysis shows that the amplitude of an extra generated IM3 component is equal to the product of the fundamental amplitude, the second harmonic amplitude, and the second order Taylor series coefficient . Figure 6.3. This induces an effective reduction in gain, partially amplitude-modulating the second signal. The characteristic of a galvanic contact is unknown. The IM3 level was approximately 9 dB lower. In the same way IMD products can be found for more than two frequency inputs. (57) [Summary] There is provided a homodyne radio receiving apparatus for mitigating a fixed or variable DC offset generated by a residual second-order intermodulation term caused by an unnecessary signal. about 0.01% SMPTE @ 1dB below clip. Second Order Intermodulation The last term cos ... distortion product Now we see that even if the system is narrowband, the output of an amplifier can contain in band intermodulation due to IM3. The absolute value of f1 – 2f2 is the same as the absolute value of 2f2 – f1.It is common to talk about the third order intermodulation products as being The first standard intermodulation distortion test was developed in the film industry in the late 30's [24]; Sound recordists and producers will be already be familiar with ‘Simp'tee' (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) as a designation, since the same society has also established the de facto timecode. John Price, Terry Goble, in Telecommunications Engineer's Reference Book, 1993. In order to keep these intermodulation products below an admissible level, the input of the main amplifier is preceded by an attenuator of adjustable attenuation. Table 1 lists the test results. Figure 6.7. In the 3 Hz to 3 GHz band, a filter is used to attenuate signal generator second harmonic product (2*F1). Figure 25.4 shows the 3rd order intermodulation distortion (IMD) products from a 2-tone signal test of the LTC6400-20.2 At low frequencies, the distortion products approach −100dBc. It is shown that the second intercept point rises by an amount equal to the circuit’s out-of-channel rejection. The 60Hz (several other frequencies up to 250Hz may be used in the DIN test) is mixed with a second, HF signal, usually at 7kHz. The most critical intermodulation distortion product is the Third Order Intermodulation (TOI) product. To be able to select five channels without any third order intermodulation products being produced, it is necessary to have 12 regularly spaced (e.g., 25 kHz spaced) channels available. These spurious signals fall in the vicinity of ƒ1 and may show up in the receiving passband with sufficient amplitude to cause interference problems. 60Hz is the SMPTE norm, presumably chosen by the US originators to simulate power frequency hum. Alternatively, adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) [ie, the ratio between the total power of adjacent channel (IMD signal) to the main channel's power (useful signal)], is utilized to evaluate the nonlinearities. Index Terms—intermodulation, Miller bandpass filter (MBPF), N-path filter, second-order intermodulation(IM 2) mitigation. Figure 7.23. A second source of signal distortion in SCM systems is clipping. These components may be inside or outside the frequency band of interest for the device. Figure 1-60 shows the graphical analysis for this example. The TOI products are usually within or close to the use-band, i.e. Stephen Harman, Aveillant Ltd., Cambridge, U.K. Jason Zhang, Jonas Urbonas and Giampiero Esposito, Maury Microwave, Ontario, Calif. Andrea Arias-Purdue and Petra Rowell, Teledyne Technologies, Thousand Oaks, Calif. Therefore, neither the power levels of the several IM products nor the relations between them can be calculated. Similarly, the third-order IMD amplitudes increase 3 dB for every 1 dB of signal increase, as indicated by the slope = 3 plotted line. Intermodulation is a scenario where signals outside the monitored channel combine nonlinearly to produce a frequency of monitored channel. 3kHz is the minimum effective frequency. The numbers from such a measurement would look very good but could pose a serious error The IM3 measurement was performed in the GSM band with f1 = 936 MHz and f2 = 958 MHz at 2 * 20 W (+43 dBm). Hank Zumbahlen, with the engineering staff of Analog Devices, in Linear Circuit Design Handbook, 2008. The theoretical approach showed that no relationship or equation for calculating the power levels of the particular IM products can be given because the transmission characteristics of galvanic contacts are never known. SMPTE intermodulation distortion swept against input level. Second-order intermodulation products are − f 1 − f 2 = f 2 f 1 + f 2 = f 3 f 2 − f 1 = f 4 f 1 − f 2 = f 5 , where frequencies f 3 , f 4 , and f 5 are the undesirable … The third-order intermodulation products are at the frequencies (2⍵1 ∓ ⍵2) and (⍵1 ∓ 2⍵2). Similarly, higher-order terms give rise to higher-order harmonic and intermodula-tion distortion. Tel: 978-671-0449 Where they intersect will be the second- and third-order intercept points, respectively. With a low level (well below clipping) two-tone input signal, and two data points, draw the second- and third-order IMD lines as are shown in Figure 1-60, because one point and a slope determine each straight line. This is in contrast to IM2 where the frequency of the intermodulation was at a lower and higher frequency. It can be a tremendous job to calculate the intermodulation products from several frequencies, below is a calculator that calculates the intermodulation product from two and three frequencies. Figure 1-60:. The system sensitivity or self-intermodulation of the test bench was ­180 dBc for IM2 and ­178 dBc for IM3. I. 3IM is the "stray image signal" produced when the radio frequency (RF) signals from 2 transmitters combine in the input stage of a receiver. Third-order intermodulation products are. The second way is more popular because it can be measured easily. SMPTE testing can be sensitive to high order non-linearity, namely some kinds of crossover distortion, and LF effects such as signal transformer saturation, and thermal distortion. The output signal power in a single tone (in dBm) as well as the relative amplitude of the third-order products (referenced to a single tone) is plotted as a function of input signal power. Intermodulation distortion comes about due to the presence of non-linearities in an electronic system as well.1 Take for instance the triode transfer characteristic illustrated in Figure 4.1. 3 and third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD 3). The same reasoning applies here; the second harmonic of fs/3 is 2 fs/3, and its alias occurs at fs− 2 fs/3 = fs/3. But in all cases, the intermod products caused are close to the HF tone and are liable to be masked. This value is then multiplied by 2 to yield 64 dB (the value of the third-order, Radio frequency power amplifier for wireless communication, Electrical Systems and Equipment (Third Edition), Application and optimization of a 2GHz differential amplifier/ADC driver, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Reference Data for Engineers (Ninth Edition). Tel: (781) 769-9750 Richard Brice, in Music Engineering (Second Edition), 2001. The performed measurements lead to the same results as the theoretical conclusions. There are two ways of measuring ACPR. Cheng-Wei Pei, Adam Shou, in Analog Circuit Design, 2013. The same reasoning applies here; the second harmonic of fs/3 is 2fs/3, and its alias occurs at fs – 2fs/3 = fs/3. High SFDR increases the receiver's ability to capture small signals in the presence of large ones, and prevent the small signals from being masked by the intermodulation products of the larger ones. For the power station UHF band of frequencies, the third order intermodulation free channels would be Channels 21A, 22, 23A, 26 and 27. Now, suppose a second harmonic from the RF generators is 180 degrees out-of-phase with the mixer's second harmonic. In other applications, the high bandwidth of the LTC6400 can be a significant advantage. The difference between +36 dBm and +4 dBm is 32 dB. But due to the superior discrimination against noise, in having a bandwidth of about 700Hz, it can yield a % distortion figure that is x2 (6dB) to x3 (10dB) lower, and closer to real %THD, assuming the associated %THD+N measurement is mainly noise-laden due to a 22kHz or greater bandwidth. Fax: (781) 769-5037, For magazine subscriptions and newsletter customer service: When the RF generator signals are applied to the mixer, the mixer will generate its own second-harmonic output. With respect to a single-band system, this spectrum shows the third-order IM product as the one nearest to the generating frequencies and under some circumstances falling into the receive band. The test usually comprises a low frequency. Generator 1 is at 14.164 MHz with a power level of -86 dBm. The wide bandwidth of the LTC6400 results in flat gain to hundreds of Megahertz; Table 25.4 summarizes the gain flatness specifications in the data sheets. The two frequencies are termed to intermodulate with one another. – 2f1 and f1 – 2f2 intermodulation product calculations could result in a “negative” frequency. As an example of the production of intermodulation, consider four frequencies a, b, c and d. Third order intermodulation products can be produced when the frequencies bear the following particular relationships to each other: Then a + b – c = 456.175 MHz, which is again the Channel 24 fixed station transmit frequency. Third-order IMD products can mask out small signals in the presence of larger adjacent ones. Second and third-order intermodulation products for f1 = 5 MHz, f2 = 6 MHz. Once the input reaches a certain level, however, the output signal begins to soft limit, or compress due to things like power supply limits, output drive maximums, and the like. Intermodulation Product Second-order Interferers in Dual-band Systems, Werner Wild Spinner Company München, Germany. Therefore, the self-intermodulation of the test bench is displayed as a result. W. Chen, ... S. Zhang, in Microwave Wireless Communications, 2016. The IM2 measurement was performed with f1 = 936 MHz and f2 = 1850 MHz at 2 * 20 W (+43 dBm). It calculates only 2nd and 3rd order IMD products only as these are the one which are near to the fundamental input frequencies and will have higher power. Similarly, if the two tones are close to fs/3, the aliased second harmonics may interfere with the measurement. 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